Urban Industrial Consumerism Between 1920 And 1929

Urban industrial consumerism between 1920 and 1929 collapsed in the Great Depression, but created a framework for a Consumer Recovery between 1941 and 1961. In the early twentieth century United States began to dominate the world s economy. Wealthy industrial nation, rich in many natural resources such as coal, wood, iron, and oil, was able to maintain strong industries just as railway, mining, and manufacturing. Events like World War I, devastating for the most of European countries, helped to boost US economy mainly because of providing war materials such as ammunition, weapons, and food supplies.[AE: Wilson]. The global war transformed the United States into an international creditor and increased both government spending and revenue. 1920s for the most of nations was the time of the postwar recession, accompanied by attempts to rebuild the devastated states. For United States it was the time of the great prosperity. The development of technology, new machine tools, and interchangeable parts allowed to produce goods on a larger scale much quicker and cheaper than ever before. A huge impact on the boom of so called mass production had invention of the assembly line. â€Å"Henry Ford the founder of the Ford Motor Company had a great vision, to create a motor car for the great multitude. Thanks to the invention of the automotive assembly line his dream came true and many middle-class Americans could afford to buy an automobile. The cheaper production of cars increasedShow MoreRelatedUrban Industrial Consumerism Between 1920 And 19291710 Words   |  7 Pages[introduction]Urban industrial consumerism between 1920 and 1929 collapsed in the Great Depression, but created a framework for a Consumer Recovery between 19 41 and 1961. In the early twentieth century the United States began to dominate the world s economy. The US was a wealthy industrial nation, rich in many natural resources such as coal, wood, iron, and oil, and was able to maintain strong industries just as railway, mining, and manufacturing. Events like World War I (1914-1918), devastatingRead MoreThe Great Depression Of The 1920 S1706 Words   |  7 PagesAt the beginning of the 1920’s, the United States was beginning to recover the economy now that World War I was over. During this decade, America became the richest nation in the world. The 1920’s, also referred to as the roaring twenties, was a period of dramatic and social change. More Americans during this era lived in the city rather than on a farm. The nation’s wealth doubled throughout the roaring twenties, and lead the Stock Market Crash of 1929 where the Great Depression followed after thisRead MoreThe Roaring Twenties : Decade Of Transition And Transformation176 5 Words   |  8 PagesThe Roaring Twenties: Decade of Transition and Transformation The 1920s or The Roaring Twenties played an important role in American History. It’s past and future experienced a dramatic change, because of how entrenched america was physiologically and culturally, but in the 1920s it seemed to break its evocative attachments to the recent past and escort in a more modern era. The most scintillating impressions of that era are flappers and dance halls, movie palaces and radio empires, and ProhibitionRead MoreReview of ‚Äà ²Dressed to Kill: Consumption, Style and the Gangster (Ruth, 1996)‚Äà ´2868 Words   |  12 Pagesattitudes, into the American society during the 1920s had a significant impact and influence on people’s society and culture. The public enemy, defined by business organisation, violent criminality and stylish consumption, was deployed by many Americans during the development of a new consumer society. The gangster was introduced and became a fascination to Americans at the peak of development of the new consumer society. Within this new society, consumerism had increased dramatically, when easy creditRead MoreThe Way Of Life Before World War I2166 Words   |  9 PagesDuring the Industrial Revolution, or time before WWI, people all over the country worked, not only men but also boys, because â€Å"the Industrial Revolution transitioned the United States from a rural to an urban society† (The Industrial Revolution in the United States, 2014). They worked long hours and had low pay. According to statistics, â€Å"most workers in the worked over 10-hour a day, yet earned between 20 to 40 percent less than the minimum pay necessary for a decent life† (The Industrial RevolutionRead MoreHow Did The Rise Of Mass Production Transform The Role Of The United?2721 Words   |  11 Pagesleading economic superpower it remains today. Following the turbulent economic climate o f the country following World War I, the development of mass production not only revolutionised the industrial sphere, but also remains widely accredited for being the key driving force behind the economic boom in the 1920s. Existing social values were reformed; free-market capitalist practices were endorsed, and American society aspired to ideals of excessive material wealth and excess. A revolution of mass consumption’Read MoreEssay about History: World War I and Bold Experiments7600 Words   |  31 Pagesof ­Industrialization, ­1877–1929 This part covers the following chapters in Henretta et al., America’s History, Seventh Edition: Chapter ­17 ­ The Busy Hive: Industrial America at Work, 1877–1911 Chapter 18 The Victorians Meet the Modern, 1880–1917 Chapter 19 â€Å"Civilization’s Inferno†: The Rise and Reform of Industrial Cities, 1880 –1917 Chapter 20 Whose Government? Politics, Populists, and Progressives, 1880 –1917 Chapter 21 An Emerging World Power, 1877–1918 Chapter 22 Wrestling with Modernity, 1918 –1929 Part 5 Read MoreWhy Did Stalin Launch The Five Year Plans During The Late 1920s?2579 Words   |  11 PagesWhy did Stalin launch the Five Year Plans in the late 1920s? The Bolsheviks believed they had to industrialise to achieve national strength and maintain independence. This was a shared view of non-Bolshevik predecessors such as Count Sergei Witte a former Russian minister. The Soviet Union needed a modern industry, especially a heavy industry, as there was the idea that they had to defend the revolution. They believed the Russian revolution was in constant danger from capitalist countries, whichRead MoreModern History.Hsc.2012 Essay25799 Words   |  104 PagesHISTORY -2012 Topic one – USA 1919-1941 Topic two – conflict in the pacific Topic three – Douglas MacArthur Topic Four – World War I TOPIC ONE – USA 1919-1941 USA 1920’S * the radio age * felt like istory had turned a corner and never going back * stock market * black Thursday November 24 1929 * the jazz age * a speakeasyyyyyyy How significant were the Republican policies in causing the great depression? The significance of the republic policies were greatRead MoreEssay on A.P.U.S.H unit 6 study guide4910 Words   |  20 Pageslate-nineteenth-century technological innovations in communications, office productivity, and ocean transportation? spatial evolution of economic systems and associated technical developments. It is possible to summarize this evolution, from the pre-industrial era to transportation in the early 21st century, 2 What developments allowed the widespread use of electricity as a source of light and power to become commonplace by the turn of the century? Developments with renewable energy and electricity Urban Industrial Consumerism Between 1920 And 1929 [introduction]Urban industrial consumerism between 1920 and 1929 collapsed in the Great Depression, but created a framework for a Consumer Recovery between 1941 and 1961. In the early twentieth century the United States began to dominate the world s economy. The US was a wealthy industrial nation, rich in many natural resources such as coal, wood, iron, and oil, and was able to maintain strong industries just as railway, mining, and manufacturing. Events like World War I (1914-1918), devastating for most European countries, helped to boost the US economy mainly because of providing war materials such as ammunition, weapons, and food supplies.[AE: Wilson]. The global war transformed the United States into an international creditor and increased both government spending and revenue. During the 1920s for most countries were experiencing time of the postwar recession, accompanied by attempts to rebuild themselves. For United States it was the time of great prosperity and economic boom. The development of technology, new machine tools, and interchangeable parts allowed to produce goods on a larger scale much quicker and cheaper than ever before. A huge impact on the boom of so called mass production was the invention of the assembly line. â€Å"Henry Ford the founder of the Ford Motor Company had a great vision, to create a motor car for the great multitude. (Reference) Thanks to the invention of the automotive assembly line his dream came true and many middle-class AmericansShow MoreRelatedUrban Industrial Consumerism Between 1920 And 19291443 Words   |  6 PagesUrban industrial consumerism between 1920 and 1929 collapsed in the Great Depression, but created a framework for a Consumer Recovery between 1941 and 1961. In the early twentieth century United States began to dominate the world s economy. Wealthy industrial nation, rich in many natural resources such as coal, wood, iron, and oil, was able to maintain strong industries just as railway, mining, and manufacturing. Events like World War I, devastating for the most of European countries, helped toRead MoreThe Great Depression Of The 1920 S1706 Words   |  7 PagesAt the beginning of the 1920’s, the United States was beginning to recover the economy now that World War I was over. During this decade, America became the richest nation in the world. The 1920’s, also referred to as the roaring twenties, was a period of dramatic and social change. More Americans during this era lived in the city rather than on a farm. The nation’s wealth doubled throughout the roaring twenties, and lead the Stock Market Crash of 1929 where the Great Depression followed after thisRead MoreThe Roaring Twenties : Decade Of Transition And Tran sformation1765 Words   |  8 PagesThe Roaring Twenties: Decade of Transition and Transformation The 1920s or The Roaring Twenties played an important role in American History. It’s past and future experienced a dramatic change, because of how entrenched america was physiologically and culturally, but in the 1920s it seemed to break its evocative attachments to the recent past and escort in a more modern era. The most scintillating impressions of that era are flappers and dance halls, movie palaces and radio empires, and ProhibitionRead MoreReview of ‚Äà ²Dressed to Kill: Consumption, Style and the Gangster (Ruth, 1996)‚Äà ´2868 Words   |  12 Pagesattitudes, into the American society during the 1920s had a significant impact and influence on people’s society and culture. The public enemy, defined by business organisation, violent criminality and stylish consumption, was deployed by many Americans during the development of a new consumer society. The gangster was introduced and became a fascination to Americans at the peak of development of the new consumer society. Within this new society, consumerism had increased dramatically, when easy creditRead MoreThe Way Of Life Before World War I2166 Words   |  9 PagesDuring the Industrial Revolution, or time before WWI, people all over the country worked, not only men but also boys, because â€Å"the Industrial Revolution transitioned the United States from a rural to an urban society† (The Industrial Revolution in the United States, 2014). They worked long hours and had low pay. According to statistics, â€Å"most workers in the worked over 10-hour a day, yet earned between 20 to 40 percent less than the minimum pay necessary for a decent life† (The Industrial RevolutionRead MoreHow Did The Rise Of Mass Production Transform The Role Of The United?2721 Words   |  11 Pagesleading economic superpower it remains today. Following the turbulent economic climate o f the country following World War I, the development of mass production not only revolutionised the industrial sphere, but also remains widely accredited for being the key driving force behind the economic boom in the 1920s. Existing social values were reformed; free-market capitalist practices were endorsed, and American society aspired to ideals of excessive material wealth and excess. A revolution of mass consumption’Read MoreEssay about History: World War I and Bold Experiments7600 Words   |  31 Pagesof ­Industrialization, ­1877–1929 This part covers the following chapters in Henretta et al., America’s History, Seventh Edition: Chapter ­17 ­ The Busy Hive: Industrial America at Work, 1877–1911 Chapter 18 The Victorians Meet the Modern, 1880–1917 Chapter 19 â€Å"Civilization’s Inferno†: The Rise and Reform of Industrial Cities, 1880 –1917 Chapter 20 Whose Government? Politics, Populists, and Progressives, 1880 –1917 Chapter 21 An Emerging World Power, 1877–1918 Chapter 22 Wrestling with Modernity, 1918 –1929 Part 5 Read MoreWhy Did Stalin Launch The Five Year Plans During The Late 1920s?2579 Words   |  11 PagesWhy did Stalin launch the Five Year Plans in the late 1920s? The Bolsheviks believed they had to industrialise to achieve national strength and maintain independence. This was a shared view of non-Bolshevik predecessors such as Count Sergei Witte a former Russian minister. The Soviet Union needed a modern industry, especially a heavy industry, as there was the idea that they had to defend the revolution. They believed the Russian revolution was in constant danger from capitalist countries, whichRead MoreModern History.Hsc.2012 Essay25799 Words   |  104 PagesHISTORY -2012 Topic one – USA 1919-1941 Topic two – conflict in the pacific Topic three – Douglas MacArthur Topic Four – World War I TOPIC ONE – USA 1919-1941 USA 1920’S * the radio age * felt like istory had turned a corner and never going back * stock market * black Thursday November 24 1929 * the jazz age * a speakeasyyyyyyy How significant were the Republican policies in causing the great depression? The significance of the republic policies were greatRead MoreEssay on A.P.U.S.H unit 6 study guide4910 Words   |  20 Pageslate-nineteenth-century technological innovations in communications, office productivity, and ocean transportation? spatial evolution of economic systems and associated technical developments. It is possible to summarize this evolution, from the pre-industrial era to transportation in the early 21st century, 2 What developments allowed the widespread use of electricity as a source of light and power to become commonplace by the turn of the century? Developments with renewable energy and electricity

Creating Chaos and Losing Knowledge - 1334 Words

In â€Å"The Plague†, by Albert Camus, Joseph Grand experiences a creative stagnation. He cannot get past his opening sentence: â€Å"One fine morning in the month of May an elegant young horsewoman might have been seen riding a handsome sorrel mare along the flowery avenue of the Bois de Boulogne.† Having revised it and rearranged it for years, he cannot make sense of it and fails to generate a story. His idea of perfection ruins his creative side. He frantically wants the precise words and thinks that learning Latin will make him a better writer. He uses all of his time and energy creating a first perfect sentence, something that he never achieves. Every time he finishes the sentence, he is unsatisfied and writes it again. He†¦show more content†¦When Cooper is a middle age man, he understands why his parents were not interested in the mazes he created. Thomas would have said that it was their knowledge and their predictable life that got in the way of th eir creative thinking. Yet Cooper, would have said that it was the process of aging that took their creativity away. Cooper’s parents were trapped in their own labyrinth and got disconnected from the simple things in life that brings happiness like playing with their son. I would say that knowledge and aging do not imply losing self-awareness. On the contrary, aging makes people wiser and more connected with themselves if they appreciate the works nature. Moreover, knowledge gives us value; it is a treasure if we use that knowledge to be productive and serve others. Even if we age, we should still accept and look forward for challenges. In â€Å"Crickets, Bats, Cats Chaos† Lewis Thomas observes his cat, but without language he can only guess what his cat’s thoughts or emotions are if he has any. He moves like a gymnast around the house and seems to know all of his moves. For Thomas, his cat might have reached what Chinese Taoists would call a state of â€Å"n o-knowledge† in which he is aware of himself and gets to see the world with a different perspective, like an illumination. In â€Å"The Metamorphosis† by Franz Kafka, Gregor, the protagonistShow MoreRelatedEssay on Its Time to Abolish Religion848 Words   |  4 PagesCan a society exist emancipated from religion? Will its foundations decay due to the absence of it, or will it flourish and achieve a new stratum of knowledge which will result in a peaceful co-existence? The word â€Å"religion† has its roots in the Latin word â€Å"religare† which means to bind together, or to connect; on the contrary I argue religion has been an apparatus of division, rather than achieving collectivism, thus doing much more harm than good. History represents the bloody warfare instigatedRead MoreThe Battle Of The Triple Entente Dominated Europe1452 Words   |  6 PagesPoland. German lost Alsace-Lorraine, Corridor, Eupen-Malmedy, and N. Schleswig. Austria-Hungary lost mos t of its empire and was separated into Austria and Hungary. These geopolitical changes resulted in new nations being formed. It had the effect of creating more potential sources of conflict. Document Response 1. The telegrams exchanged between Nicholas II and William II revealed the main causes of World War I: the assassination of the Archduke of Austria-Hungary, military alliances, and the Europeans’Read MoreRepresentation of Indigenous Cultures in the Rabbits and Rabbit Proof Fence987 Words   |  4 Pagestension with some soft, yet ominous music and as they see the car, there is a slight silence before the intense music slams suddenly to support and symbolise the chaos and confusion of this part of the scene. This brief respite in music and the slow motion close-up shots of the horrified expressions on the faces of all of them emphasises the chaos that was about to happen when constable Riggs chases and captures the girls. Even after the girls were obstructed by the car and constable Riggs was takingRead MoreThe Effects Of Economics On Our Lives At A Young Age973 Words   |  4 Pagesof two business owners who planted the seeds from ground up and grew their respective businesses to what they are now, I was exposed to what a significant role economic influence plays in people s’ lives at a young age. I distinctly remember the chaos and utter stress that engulfed my parents during the financial crisis of 2007. Although I was young, I felt the tension, the stress, the veil of hopelessness that blanketed my family. As most parents do, they tried to shield me from the realities ofRead MoreWhy English is Important Essay929 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstand as a whole a common or proper way of doing things. Without this we would have chaos. Another down-fall to the English language is technology, i.e. internet, text messaging. With the introduction of the internet and text messaging we are losing more and more of our standard English practices. Words are shortened or become a couple of letters and we are getting used to this, but for academia this is creating a weakened English system. I’m not saying we all need to be English professors, butRead MoreLooking Toward the Future1187 Words   |  5 PagesSMART goal process while explaining each goal. After discussing my goals toward the future I will create an accountability plan that will help ensure I meet the goals I have set for myself. Personal Goal: Lose 40 pounds My personal goal involves losing forty pounds. I have been overweight for a few years now mostly related to the comfort that comes with a relationship. Now that I m a free man, I feel that the time alone should be taken to better myself. This goal is extremely important to me becauseRead MoreU.s. Department Of The Criminal Justice Field1691 Words   |  7 PagesIn my Special Topics in Geography course, the instructor Dr. Hilburn had assigned my peers and I to do a map of anything that interests us by applying all the skills and knowledge that we have learned during the semester. During my research of opting of what should I do my map about I focused myself within the study field in which I am majoring so, I started researching anything that is related to the criminal justice field. A key factor that helped me determined what should the topic of my map focusRead MoreIndustrialization Of Industrialization And Industrialization Essay1693 Words   |  7 Pagesopium. Luckily the govern ment senses the importance of banning Opium in China, so at the end of 1838, the Tao Kuang Emperor named Lin Tse-has to take action to abolish the trade of opium. As the opium ban became more successful, Britain was scared of losing the trade again so it decided to use their last method which marks the start of the First and Second Opium War. Opium war ended in a huge loss in China and later is deemed as the biggest war between China and western culture. The first war endedRead MoreCultural Context : The Sandman That Created One Image Of The Ideal Female Machine ``1890 Words   |  8 Pagescenturies, many became captivated with alchemy, magic, and the fantastical. Knowledge of these practices would assist people in attaining ideal human qualities, therefore perfecting and making them super or beyond human. It was not until the late 19th, early 20th century that people began to move away from the idea of the fantastical, and shift towards the idea of a human that operated like a machine. These fantasies of creating a machine that embodies the perfect human were popular throughout literatureRead MoreBruce Almighty Reflection1001 Words   |  5 Pagesimmature ways. God disappointedly notices this and tells him that he must positively improve the world within a day or else there would be consequences. Bruce then starts giv ing everyone everything they’ve always wanted, which ends up resulting in chaos. Flustered, Bruce kneels in the middle of the road, begging God to return him to normal and ends up getting hit by a truck and dying. He meets up with God again and God brings him back to life, only because he learned a life lesson. Bruce returns to

Women in Psychology Mary Calkins Free Essays

What does it take to be number one? As we know everyone loves a winner. Most people if they were asked who the fastest man in the world was? They would correctly answer with the name Usain Bolt. Nobody remembers number two right? However, let us imagine Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Women in Psychology Mary Calkins or any similar topic only for you Order Now Bolt being told that he could compete in track and field but he could not officially win any medal because he was Jamaican. Sounds far-fetched today and against our values and everything we stand for in the 21st century? Well in the 1800s, things were very different especially for women and Mary Calkins was no exception. Mary Calkins not only made countless contributions to the field of psychology, her perseverance changed many perceptions resulting in her indirectly becoming a champion for women’s rights and equality. In this assignment, we will examine Mrs. Calkin’s background, theoretical perspectives and the integral role she played in the field of psychology. Mary Calkins, the oldest of five children was born to Wolcott and Charlotte Calkins on March 30, 1863, in Hartford, Connecticut. Her parents placed a great emphasis on education so in addition to elementary school, she took private lessons so she could learn German. After graduating high school Mary enrolled in Smith College in 1882, but took a hiatus her junior year in 1884, due to the untimely death of her sister and her mother being gravely ill. Mary did not make waste of this time. While at home she decided to learn Greek which was pivotal to her journey in the field of psychology. After Mary finally earned her degrees in Classics and Philosophy, she took a trip to Europe with family and had already decided when she returned that she would be a teacher and as well as tutor students in the Greek Language. However, her plans changed when she was offered the opportunity to teach Greek, at Wellesley, College, one of the few higher learning educational institutions for women in the country. At Wellesley, she taught not only Greek, but philosophy and psychology as well. This ultimately resulting in the university creating a new position for her in the experimental psychology department, although she had no credentialed training in psychology. This was crucial because many schools back then did not even admit women as students much less allow them to hold such a prestigious osition. For Mary to be successful, she knew she would have to further her education and learn more about psychology. Her ambition led her to enroll in two psychology seminars, one being at Clark University and the taught by Edmund C. Sanford and was taught by William James at Harvard University. Initially she was denied entry into Harvard because she was a woman. However, she had the president of Wellesley and her father both write letters on her behalf and was accepted. In 1891, her determination began paying dividends as she was able to set up a psychological laboratory at Wellesley and added scientific psychology to the program of study. From 1892 to 1895, she attended Harvard University. This is where she received some of the greatest resistance to everything she was trying to accomplish. Men and society during this time did not believe that women were fit for any job unless it was something that assisted a man i. e. doctor-nurse, boss-secretary, and homemaker. While Mary was allowed to attend Harvard, it was not without conditions. She could take classes and test, but in the University’s eyes she would be considered as guest. Undeterred and ready for the challenge, Mary enrolled in William James seminar on psychology; all the other students who happened to be men dropped the course in protest. What they believed is that if they did this the professor would boot her from the program because he would not want to lose his other students. Instead Professor James taught her individually and became her mentor. She also studied in the psychological laboratory at Harvard. She did all this while remaining a professor at Wellesley College herself. Mary completed all the required work and passed all her exams to earn a Ph. D. However, she was not awarded one due to the fact the she was a woman and women were not allowed to officially register at Harvard back then. She was later offered a Ph. D. , by Radcliffe College which was the female equivalent of Harvard, but she turned it down, believing that she done all of her work at Harvard, so it should be Harvard that awards her Ph. D. In 1898 is when Mary became a full time professor at Wellesley College focusing on philosophy and psychology publishing a slew of articles. When ten leading psychologists in the field of psychology were asked to rate their contemporaries by the measure of their work, Mary Calkins was listed 12 out of 50. Mary Calkins has given much to the field of psychology. For example there were only twelve colleges that had psychological laboratories in the entire United States and she created one. In her laboratory she had fifty four students dissect sheep brains and carry out studies on sensation, space perception, memory and reaction time. All of which are things that are used today by other scientists and different medical communities. For example, we are always hearing that drunk driving skews your space perception, sensation, memory and reaction time. One has to think this is not a coincidence that her work contributed to their findings. It was the first at a woman’s college and she did this with a mere $200. From 1891-1892 at the behest of G. Stanley Hall who has the editor of the American Journal of Psychology, her articles were normally studies and experiment by her and her studies that included everything from children’s emotions, moral consciousness, drawings, psychological anesthetics, and dreams. From her research in dreams she discovered there was a close relationship between her patient’s dreams and what happens in real life. Her work would not be appreciated during its early stages by most scholars as they were on board with Freudian thought process on dreams. Later this same community would dismiss Freud’s method and make Calkins research integral to dream researching. Through all of her research while pursuing her doctorate one of her most significant things she have to psychology was the Paired Technique. This technique is explained is putting to paired numbers in different colors on cards and flashing them to see what the subject could remember. What she found was bright colors were retained better as well as a new memorization method. It later became a standard means for human learning and remnants of it are still used today by psychologists. Of all of Mary Calkins contributions to psychology, she was most interested in self-psychology and ignited the brainstorm over this that caused many to take up research on the subject. She even published an autobiography in 1930, where her goal was to get psychologists to become self-psychologists. In 1900, she even wrote and published a paper expressing her belief that psychology is a science of the self. This was immediately followed by criticism from other academics. Mary Calkins was never afraid of a challenge and answered those criticisms in work that followed and in her presidential address at the American Psychological Association meeting in 1905. For all that she tried to do in self psychology, unfortunately Dr. Kohut, Dr. Honess, and Dr. Yardley failed to credit to give her any credit in this arena. During her career Mary was really busy evidenced by her writing 67 articles on psychology and 37 in philosophy. She also wrote and had 4 books on psychology published. Mary Calkins exemplary work preceded her and resulted in her being the first woman named president of the American Psychological Association and the American Philosophical Association. What Mary Calkins was able to accomplish in her day and age was simply amazing. She had to overcome numerous obstacles that would have made any other person give up and pursue a different profession. She worked and went to school, dealt with sexism and static thinking, in terms of a womens’ place in society. I say to Mary Calkins you are a winner and we remember you. Not only for your contributions that you have to the respective field of psychology, but the barriers that you broke down so that other women were allowed to be more easily accepted and respected. From my research on Mary Calkins I learned that a group of Harvard alumni petitioned for her to be awarded her doctorate in 1930, but they were denied. I think that it would be fitting if this cause was taken up once again today. For everything Mary Calkins has meant to the field of psychology it is the least we could do to honor all of the blood, sweat, and tears that she put into her work. How to cite Women in Psychology Mary Calkins, Essay examples

Camera Phone Photography and Locative Media †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Camera Phone Photography and Locative Media. Answer: Introduction The changes in the current market have the clear impacts on the perspective value of the people. Currently, the advancements in the smart phones are affecting the traditional method taking photographs. The hobbyist photographers usually prefer the DSLR camera for their interests in the photography Lillie (2015). Even though the cell phone features in this current scenario has the specific features for capturing images easily, many people still use the DSLR cameras for the photography purposes. The study would present the ideas about the replacements of the DSLR cameras by the cell phones. The technological advancements and the trends of using cameras would also be discussed in this study. The aim of the research is to identify whether cell phone has replaced the technologies of DSLR cameras in terms of capturing photographs. The study also attempts to identify the preference of the DSLR cameras among the hobbyist photographers. To identify the emerging trends of cell phone usages for taking photographs To present the comparison of the photography aspects through cell phone and DSLR cameras To critically analyze the possible trends of cell phones that are becoming the mainstream media of photo imaging H0: Cell phone photography is not the mainstream media of photo imaging H1: Cell phone photography is becoming the mainstream media of photo imaging The development of the technological trends has been the major concern in every media channel. The mainstream media is highly influenced by the technological advancements and current methods of media use. However, there are still some of the contradictory views and arguments present regarding the use of these media methods (Hjorth and Pink 2014). Especially, the easy use of the cell phones for capturing images has been replacing the camera uses. The literature study would thus provide the insightful ideas about the current trends of the cell phone, which is replacing the most common mainstream media for capturing images. Current effects of cell phone in the professional photo industry The enormous changes in the world seek betterment in every aspect. Accordingly, people shift their choices towards the advancements. The technology and art world also experience such changes in the patterns. It is notable that the photo imagining industry is much concerned with the progressive increment since the times of Renaissance (Alper 2014). People usually use the high quality camera for capturing the priceless moments and the photographs. The hobbyist photographers are even fond of using the well-featured cameras to make their photographs more attractive to the viewers. However, it has been observed that since last couple of decades, the emergence of advanced mobile technologies has been replacing the use of these traditional methods of capturing images. In current time, it has been observed that people have been using the easiest and quickest ways of capturing moments of their precious events. The highly advanced mobile technologies are influencing the minds of the people in a significant way. Therefore, the use of the DSLR is degrading continuously (Shipley 2015). The report even reflects that the sales of the DSLR cameras have been degrading since last few decades. It is thus assumed that the sudden fall in the sales ratio may affect the use of the mainstream media of the DSLR cameras in the photo industry. On the contrary, some of the hobbyist photographers prefer to use the DSLR effects and cameras for making the pictures more attractive. In the professional photo industry, people use the professional cameras for their imaging purposes. Hence, it is a contradictory view that the use of the mobile phone is situational for the professional photographers. The professional photo industry has the ultimate bond with the DSLR and well-featured professional cameras. The industry is almost dependent on such ecosystem. The features of the Mirror less cameras are specifically seen in the DSLR cameras, which are chosen mostly by the professional photographers. However, Rubinstein (2005) argued that the current advancements in the technologies have been improving the mobile camera quality that is becoming more competent in front of the DSLR cameras. It is giving the mobile phones more opportunity to replace the traditional method of capturing the photos with proper effects since the features are already available in the cell phones. It is important to mention that the declines in the sales ratio of the DSLR cameras and the rise of the cameras of cell phones have influenced the professional photography world quite drastically (Shu 2016). Generally, now-a-days, people usually do not seek the professional cameras when they can get the similar effe cts and features in their cell phone camera. Effects created on the Professional Photographers Photography is undoubtedly one of the most difficult skills to adopt by the people. The adequate knowledge about the photographs and tactics would make a perfect capture. However, it has been observed that the rise of the modern cameras has brought the drastic changes in this scenario. These big cameras are thus becoming affordable and smaller. The use of the films even made it more accessible to the users. Eventually, photography gained the most popularity among the hobbyist photographers (Boissin et al. 2015). However, it has been observed that the films used in the cameras are quite expensive and it is quite time consuming. The developed world then introduced the high-tech facilities to minimize the errors and become more available and user-friendly to the people. The professional photography world was thus affected by the emergence of the cell phone cameras. Currently, it has been observed that people are more inclined to capture images through the cell phone instead of the profe ssional cameras. In fact, now-a-days, it is not necessary for the people to become a knowledgeable one too use these technologies. The user-friendly features present in the cell phone cameras are quite helpful for them to capture the images instantly (Villi 2015). As a result, it is observed that the world of professional photography has been declining and dying with time. In fact, it is also observed that the future of the professional photography is also uncertain. Now, the ordinary people are capturing their moments at wedding, while travelling, or in any events. However, it is needless to mention that the cell phone camera has not yet reached to the quality of the DSLR cameras. The optical filters, flashguns, tripod, and other essential activities are not available in the cell phone. Hence, if the comparison is present between these two methods of photography, the DSLR cameras would win the show with its most remarkable image quality that attracts the customers much significantl y. The study concentrates on the comparative analysis between the cell phone cameras and the DSLR cameras. The major concern of this study is whether the cell phone cameras are becoming the mainstream media or photo imaging by replacing the DSLR cameras. The research is conducted by developing the mixed method process where both the primary and the secondary data are collected. The secondary information developed in the literature review section is collected from the secondary sources, such as journals, research articles, newspaper articles, websites, and books. On the other hand, the primary data collection process is associated with two major methods, such as quantitative data collection process and the qualitative data collection process. In order to derive the results from the primary data collection process, aa set of questionnaires is formulated. The opinions and perceptions of the people will be collected regarding their interests in photography. A wide range of people participated in this data collection people and presented their interests on photography skills. The major focus of the research was to gather the ideas about the photography interests from a number of people who have been quite fond of this particular field. The public opinion was collected to ensure the effects of the emerging cell phone cameras that are eventually replacing the DSLR cameras. The survey has covered a diverse community, such as university students, workplace, social media, and friend groups. An informative and simple set of questionnaires were formulated there were 4 different kinds of questions that covered the vast area of research subject. The research focused on 50 subjects containing the age groups between 18 to 46 years and above. The data was collected from both the online and offline sources. The copies of the questionnaire were sent to people through the online sites. On the other hand, the set of printed questionnaires were distributed among the offline people in order to gather their responses over this subject matter. The further study would concentrate on such collected data and would present the analysis to understand the perception of the people. Research Results and Discussions This section of the study would present the findings obtained from the quantitative and qualitative data collection process. The findings and the discussion of the information is presented further. Option Response Frequency (%) Number of Responses Total Respondents Yes 56% 28 50 No 44% 22 50 Mean 1.44 Median 1 Mode 1 Standard Deviation 0.501427 The above table indicates that majority 56% of the respondents are interested on photography whereas remaining 44% of the respondents are not so much interested. Therefore, it is clear that majority of the people are much fond of the photography field, be it casual or professional. Mean and median in this questionnaire is 1, which indicates that majority of the respondents selected the first option. The standard deviation is 0.50, which tends to 1. It implies that the risk in this questionnaire is low. Option Response Frequency (%) Number of Responses Total Respondents Yes 92% 46 50 No 8% 4 50 Mean 1.08 Median 1 Mode 1 Standard Deviation 0.274048 The obtained idea from the above question highlights majority 92% of the respondents mentioned that they are interested in capturing pictures whereas remaining 8% of the respondents did not show any interests. It is thus defining that majority of the people has the casual interests in capturing the images for any events or any moment. The median and mode in this questionnaire is 1, which indicates that the majority of the respondents selected the first option. The standard deviation is 0.27, which tends to 1 and indicates that the risk is quite low in this questionnaire. Option Response Frequency (%) Number of Responses Total Respondents Casual 32% 16 50 Hobbyist 24% 12 50 Enthusiast 16% 8 50 Professional 28% 14 50 Mean 2.4 Median 2 Mode 1 Standard Deviation 1.212183 The obtained idea from the above questionnaire highlights that majority 32% of the respondents are the casual photographers who capture random pictures of an event or any moment. This ratio is followed by 28% of the respondents who are professional photographers and require the high quality DSLR cameras for their photography purposes. Almost 24% of the respondents are hobbyists who use photography as their favorite hobby. Remaining 16% of the respondents are enthusiasts who are much enthusiastic about using their photography skills. The mean of the responses is 2.4, which indicates the average responses in this questionnaire. The mode is 1, which implies that majority of the respondents selected the first option. Median is 2, which is in the middle option in this questionnaire. The standard deviation of this questionnaire is 1.21, which tends to 2 and indicates that the risk in this questionnaire is quite higher. Option Response Frequency (%) Number of Responses Total Respondents Cell phone camera 64% 32 50 Digital Camera 22% 11 50 Professional DSLR Camera 14% 7 50 Mean 1.5 Median 1 Mode 1 Standard Deviation 0.735402 The ideas derived from this questionnaire indicate that majority 64% of the respondents usually use their cell phones for taking pictures whereas 22% of the people use the normal digital camera. It is also noted that remaining 14% of the respondents showed their interests towards professional DSLR cameras. It defines that majority of the people take the casual pictures with the normal quality of their cell phone. These people are much fond of using the easier and quicker way of capturing moments rather than using the difficult and time consuming method of capturing images. Some of the people even prefer using the digital cameras for their personal uses. The mode is 1.5, which indicates the average responses in this questionnaire. Median is 1, which is the middle option. Mode is also 1, which indicates that majority of the respondents selected the first option. The standard deviation is 0.73, which tends to 1. Hence, it implies that the risk in this questionnaire is quite low. Option Response Frequency (%) Number of Responses Total Respondents Professional Photography 24% 12 50 Cell Phone Photography 76% 38 50 Mean 1.76 Median 2 Mode 2 Standard Deviation 0.431419 The above table specifies that majority 76% of the respondents interested in cell phone photography whereas 24% of the respondents were interested in professional photography. Therefore, it can be implied that the cell phone photography has become the major interest areas for the photographers. Moreover, the advanced features available in the cell phone is becoming more user-friendly and less time consuming for the users. The mean is 1.76, which determines the average response. Median is 2, which refers the middle response in this questionnaire. Mode is 2, which indicates that majority of the respondents selected the second option. The standard deviation is 0.43, which tends to 1 and indicates that the risk in this questionnaire is much lower. Qualitative Questions In the qualitative data collection process, few of the customer responded that they would have purchased the cell phone cameras for capturing photos. According to these respondents, capturing images through cell phone is quite easy, quick, takes lesser time. They can easily capture their moments of interests instantly with the cell phone camera. Even the technological development in current time has improved the features in the cell phone. Hence, they can even capture the images with the help of the voice recognizing software or touching the phone screen once. Therefore, they indicated that the use of the cell phone camera is more convenient to these people. On the contrary, a group of the respondents indicated that the professional camera is better than the mobile phone camera. It is stated that the photos captured through the professional camera is higher in resolution and quality. The clear and attractive image quality of the professional camera is incomparable. The superior image quality makes the pictures more alive and impressive. Hence, professional camera is preferred mostly by these customers. In the qualitative data collection process, a very few amount of people stated that they can use the cell phone camera to capture the pictures for any professional purposes. However, in most of the cases, it is noticed that the quality of the cell phone camera is not much impressive in front of the high definition and high resolution-based professional cameras. Hence, it is preferable that majority of the people would still want to use the professional cameras for any professional purposes. It is important to mention that the cell phone camera has not yet reached to the quality of the DSLR cameras. The optical filters, flashguns, tripod, and other essential activities are not available in the cell phone. Hence, if the comparison is present between these two methods of photography, the DSLR cameras would win the show with its most remarkable image quality that attracts the customers much significantly. The responses gathered from the quantitative data collection process indicate that in current situation, people mostly prefer the cell phone camera. The technological advancements have improved the cell phone usages. Moreover, people are much fond of using the user-friendly techniques to save their times and efforts. It is true though that the quality of the professional camera is better than the cell phone camera. However, the rapid growth in the technological world predicts that due to the technological advancements the cell phone camera would replace the digital cameras in future. The high-defined features are also expected to be developed within the cell phone for providing the users a greater experience in capturing the images. Conclusion The study develops the comparative discussion regarding the use of the cell phone camera and the professional DSLR cameras. The thesis statement of the study reflects whether the cell phone camera would become the mainstream media by replacing the professional cameras. The responses derived from the respondents in the primary data collection process and the information received from the secondary data sources indicates that the cell phone camera may replace the professional cameras sooner in future. The advanced features would be added to develop the high definition picture quality. Hence, the professional photography world may face the considerable challenges from the trends of the cell phone cameras. References Alper, M., 2014. War on Instagram: Framing conflict photojournalism with mobile photography apps.New Media Society,16(8), pp.1233-1248. Boissin, C., Fleming, J., Wallis, L., Hasselberg, M. and Laflamme, L., 2015. Can we trust the use of smartphone cameras in clinical practice? Laypeople assessment of their image quality.TELEMEDICINE and e-HEALTH,21(11), pp.887-892. Hjorth, L. and Pink, S., 2014. New visualities and the digital wayfarer: Reconceptualizing camera phone photography and locative media.Mobile Media Communication,2(1), pp.40-57. Lillie, J., 2015. A Critical-Cultural Look at the Early Days of Camera Phone Use and MMS Picture Messaging. InEncyclopedia of Mobile Phone Behavior(pp. 1151-1162). IGI Global. Rubinstein, D., 2005. Cellphone photography; The death of the camera and the arrival of visible speech. The Issues in Contemporary Culture and Aesthetics, 1, pp.113-118. Shipley, J.W., 2015. Selfie love: public lives in an era of celebrity pleasure, violence, and social media.American Anthropologist,117(2), pp.403-413. Shu, L., 2016,How digital photography reinvented itself to become better than ever, viewed August 23, 2017 https://www.digitaltrends.com/features/dt10-how-digital-photography-reinvented-itself/ Villi, M., 2015. Hey, Im here Right Now: Camera phone photographs and mediated presence.Photographies,8(1), pp.3-22.

Simplest alkylphenols isomeric mixtures Essay Example

Simplest alkylphenols isomeric mixtures Essay Introduction Cresols Cresols merely are isomeric mixtures of the simplest alkylphenols. Its molecular expression is C7H8O, and it occurs in three chief isomers: A corporate term used for the mixture of the three isomer is tricresol. As pure substances, o- and p- methyl phenol are crystalline ; m-cresol is a syrupy oil at room temperature. { 2 } Cresols are colorless and have a phenol-like smell. They are extremely flammable, reasonably soluble in H2O and soluble in ethyl alcohol, ether, propanone, or alkali hydrated oxides. Cresols and cresol derived functions ( quintessences and esters ) are by and large distributed in nature. They are formed as metabolites of assorted micro-organisms and are found in the piss of mammals. Humans eliminate, on norm, 87 milligram of p-cresol per twenty-four hours in the urine [ 3 ] . Assorted signifiers of methyl phenols can besides be detected in the infusions and H2O vapour distillations of some workss. Minute sum of methyl phenols can besides be found in certain nutrient and drinks e.g tomatoes, mushrooms and black tea We will write a custom essay sample on Simplest alkylphenols isomeric mixtures specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Simplest alkylphenols isomeric mixtures specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Simplest alkylphenols isomeric mixtures specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Considerable sums of methyl phenol may be formed and enter surface Waterss if woods are pyrolyzed by pyroclastic flow from break outing vents, as happened after the eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980 [ 3 ] . Coal pitch was originally the exclusive beginning of methyl phenol production until universe war 2, after which they were besides obtained exhausted refinery caustics. Since the mid-1960s, they have been produced synthetically on an progressively big graduated table. Approximately 60 % of the planetary production of methyl phenol is now met by man-made paths Properties: Chemical Properties: Sourness Cresols are weak acids and that dissolve in aqueous base to organize H2O stable salts known as cresolates. They can hence be extracted into Na hydroxide solution from dissolver that are non mixable with H2O. There sourness is so low ( pKa 10.1 10.3 ) to the extent that it can be liberated from cresolates by H sulphide and C dioxide. Chemical reactions Cresols can undergo etherification with alkyl halides, dialkyl sulphates, dialkyl carbonates and toluenesulfonic acid esters. They besides undergo esterification with acyl anhydrides or acyl chlorides to organize the corresponding tolyl esters. Chemical reaction with sulfur oxytetrafluoride at 150 C will give flourotoluene, whilst reactions with diphenylphosphine trichloride at 220 C and phosphorus tribromide at 280 C will give chlorotoluene and bromotoluene severally Hydrogenation can happen in vapour stage at 300-400 C and at force per unit area of up to 8MPa in the presence of accelerators that contains passage metals and aluminium oxides to give methylbenzene. Oxidation reactions of methyl phenols depend on the oxidizing agent, reaction conditions and the place of the methyl group. This reaction occurs by free extremist mechanisms and the green goods assorted compounds such as hydroquinones, quinols, quinines, furans and tolyl quintessences Cresols readily undergo electrophilic permutation. The substituent enters the karyon chiefly in the o- and p- places relative to the hydroxyl group. If o- or p methyl phenols is heated with friedel-crafts catatlyst, isomeriztion to m-cresol, which is thermodynamically the most stable, occurs. When heated with CO2 under force per unit area dry base metal cresolates produces hydroxyl ( methyl ) benzoic acid. When methanal is added to cresols in the presence of base and at room temperature hydroxyl ( methyl ) benzyl intoxicants are form, but in the presence of an acid and at higher temperature the intoxicant condenses to organize high molecular rosins. At high temperature unalloyed steel is attacked by methyl phenols to a noticeable extent, the badness of the onslaught depends on the H2O content. Chromium steels are somewhat more immune to assail by methyl phenols than unalloyed steel. Tantalum is considered to be wholly immune to cresols. The caustic behaviour of methyl phenols can alter significantly with the presence of other compounds. The physical belongingss of methyl phenols shown in the tabular array below: Separation of methyl phenols O-cresols can easy be separated from the mixture of the three isomers through distillment. This is non the instance for m-cresol and p-cresol due to the minute difference in their boiling points. Below is the list of some the procedures employed in the separation of m-/p- methyl phenol mixtures: Crystallization: Although m and P methyl phenols have near boiling points, there is an appreciable difference in there runing point which indicates that crystallisation can be used in for separation. Adsorption: Alkali metal-modified or alkalic earth metal-modified zeolites, and besides Ti dioxide, adsorb p-cresol more strongly than m-cresol { 4 } . Therefore a mixture of P and m methyl phenols can be separated in an surface assimilation column and dissolved once more with a suited desorbing liquid such as an aliphatic intoxicant, e.g. , a mixture of 1-hexanol and 2-heptanol, or a ketone Separation via Ester or salt formation: The female parent spirits enriched with p-cresol ( e.g. , to a m/p ratio of 35: 65 ) from the precipitation with sodium ethanoate can respond with oxalic acid to give the semiester or diester, which is precipitated on chilling to 20 A °C. The ester is separated and so hydrolyzed by heating with H2O at 85 % in the presence of the several nonionic dissolver. The oxalic acid may be precipitated on chilling and recycled. The p-cresol dissolves in the organic dissolver, from which it is isolated by distillment. The jumping usage of both procedures separates m- and p-cresol about wholly { 4 } Alkylation with Isobutylene: Alkylation of m-/p- cresol mixture gives a mixture of butylated m-cresol and p-cresols. Dealkylation of either or both of these merchandises makes it possible to acquire pure m-cresol and p-cresol. Uses O-cresol O-cresol can be chlorinated to 4-chloro-o-cresol and can be used as a get downing stuff for the production of chlorophenoxyalkanoic acids, 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid and 2- ( 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy ) -propionic acid ; these acids are of import as selective weedkillers. A smaller proportion of o-cresol can besides be nitrated to 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol, which can be used in the production and distillment of cinnamene as a polymerisation inhibitor. O-cresol of high pureness is now being processed to epoxy-o-cresol novolak rosins which are utile as sealing stuffs for incorporate circuits ( french friess ) . Normal choice o-cresol is besides employed in the alteration of traditional phenol-formaldehyde rosins. O-cresol is besides of import as a precursor of assorted dye intermediates, of which the most of import in footings of measure is o-cresotinic acid ( o-hydroxymethylbenzoic acid ) produced by the kolbes synthesis. { 5 } This acid can besides be used in the pharmaceutical industry. O-cresols can be used as a dissolver, straight or after it has been hydrogenated to 2-methylcyclohexanol or 2-methylcyclohexanone. O-cresol in the signifier of its carbonated ester is used as a get downing stuff in the synthesis of coumarin. Alkylation of o-cresol with propene green goodss carvacrol, which is used in aromas and as an antiseptic. Alkylated with isobutene, little sums of o-cresols can be used as get downing stuffs in the production of antioxidants and in the production of constituents used for thermic recording stuffs. M- and p- methyl phenols A mixture of these two isomers can organize a starting stuff for contact insect powders like O, O-dimethyl-O- ( 3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl ) thionophosphoric acid and O, O-dimethyl-O- ( 3-methyl-4-methylthiopheny ) thionophosphoric acid. Although pure m-cresol can besides function this intent. M-cresol is used in the synthesis of phenyl m-tolyl quintessence ( m-phenoxytoluene ) , which can so be oxidized to m-phenoxybenzaldehyde, which can served as a edifice block in the production of insect powders of the pyrethroid type. An of import get downing stuff for the synthesis of vitamin E is 2,3,6-trimethyphenol, this can be produced by the selective methylation of pure m-cresol with methyl alcohol. Alkylation of m-cresol with isobutene green goodss 6-tert-butyl-m-cresol which can be condensed with sulfur bichloride to give 4,4A?-thiobis ( 6-tert-butyl-m-cresol ) , an of import antioxidant for polythene and polypropene. More antioxidants are produced from 6-tert-butyl-m-cresol by condensation with butyraldehyde or crotonaldehyde. In Japan, amination of m-cresol is used to bring forth m-toludine 4-chloro-m-cresol which is used as a germicide and preservative can be produced by selective chorination of either pure m-cresol or a mixture of m-/p-cresols. An of import field of application for proficient methyl phenol mixtures is the production of modified phenoplast rosins by condensation with methanal. The suitableness and monetary value of methyl phenol mixtures for this purpose depends on their content of m-cresol, the most reactive of the three isomers. Cresol mixtures are extremely of import as dissolvers for man-made rosin coatings ( wire enamels ) . { 5 } Impersonal phosphorous acid esters which are used as fire immune hydraulic fluids, additives in lubricators, air filter oils and flameproof plasticisers for PVC and other plastics can be produced from mixtures of m-/p-cresols that do non incorporate the o isomer. Due to its bactericidal and fungicidal belongingss, methyl phenols can be used as germicides in soap. Condensation of methanal with cresolsulfonic acid and Sulfonation of novaks obtained from methyl phenols are used to bring forth man-made tanning agent. Cresols are besides used as wood preservatives. Cresols are used in Ore floatation, fiber intervention, as metal degreaser, as pull outing dissolvers, and as agents for taking carbonisation sedimentations from internal burning engines. Hydrogenation of methyl phenols green goodss methylcyclohexanol and methylcyclohexanone which are used in the pigment and fabric industries. Xylenols Xylenol or dimethylphenol is an arene compound with two methyl groups and a hydroxyl group. The name xylenol comes from xylol and phenol Xylenol occurs in six isomeric signifiers: Commercially, 2-6 xylenol is considered to be the most utile out of the six isomers. Properties The Physical belongingss are shown in the affiliated tabular array: Xylenols are colourless crystallising compounds that are soluble in intoxicant, propanone, and in many other organic dissolvers. They are less soluble in H2O than the methyl phenols { 5 } . There sourness is by and large lower than that of methyl phenol, except for 3,5-xylenol. They are normally soluble in aqueous Na hydrated oxide but the extent of solubility depends on the isomer. The chemical belongingss are similar to that of the methyl phenols Separation: Crude xylenols can be separated into its different isomers by fractional distillment. The different isomers at the matching boiling point are highlighted below. 2,4-xylenol and 2,5-xylenol are contained in the fraction boiling point at 208-212 A °C at 101.3 kPa. Crystallization method is used to divide these isomers since the difference in their boiling point at 101.3 kPa is 0.2 C 2,3-Xylenol is isolated from a fraction boiling at 215-218 A °C by selective dephenolation with dilute aqueous Na hydrated oxide, debut of the free phenols into milk of calcium hydroxide, and depriving with steam ; it can so be purified by recrystallization from benzine { 5 } 3,5-xylenols is crystallized by chilling the fractions with boiling points scope of 218-221 C, 3,4-xylenols is besides obtained this manner but with a fraction of boiling points of 223-225 C Separation of 2,6 xylenols: In the azeotropic distillment of the m-/p-cresol fraction with steam, 2,6-xylenol crystallizes from the condensate. 2,6-Xylenol can be distilled from cresolate caustics because of its lower sourness, after which it is obtained from the condensate by extraction with benzene.. In fractions rich with 2,6-xylenol like the one obtained from synthesis by the methylation of phenol, the 2,6-xylenol can be separated from m- and p-cresol and other phenols by countercurrent extraction with aqueous Na hydroxide-hydrocarbon mixtures. Uses Xylenol mixtures can be used as dissolver for wire enamels, germicides, fabric aides and in ore floatation. Xylenol-formaldehyde rosins can be manufactured from mixtures rich in 3,5-xylenols and xylenols with two H atoms in the o- and p-positions Nontoxic plasticiziers and trixylenyl phosphates which are used as fire-retardant hydraulic fluids can be produced from Xylenols that are without an o-methyl group. 2,4-/2,5-Xylenol mixtures constitute natural stuffs for antioxidants, particularly those intended for gasolene ( e.g. , 6-tert-butyl-2,4-dimethylphenol ) and rubber [ e.g. , 2-methyl-1,1-bis ( 2-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl ) propane ] . { 5 } Pure 2,5-xylenol is besides used in the pharmaceutical industry for the production of lipid reducing agents. 2,6-xylenols is primary used to bring forth poly ( phenylene oxide ) resins. Oxidation of 2,6-xylenol gives 2,6-xylenol dimer, a forte monomer to bring forth epoxy rosins for encapsulating advanced semiconducting materials. { 6 } Condensation of 2,6-xylenol with acetone green goodss 2,2-Bis ( 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl ) propane ( tetramethylbisphenol A ) which is used as an intermediate for polycarbonates whose belongingss are similar to that of poly ( phenylene oxide ) resins. Treated with ammonium hydroxide, 2,6-Xylenol outputs 2,6-dimethylaniline, which is used in the industry of pesticides and besides in the production of pharmaceuticals. Xylenols are besides used in little sums in the synthesis of dyes and in the production of aromas. Feedstock: There are several paths to bring forth methyl phenols and xylenols runing form natural paths to man-made paths, some of which are listed below: Sythentic paths from methylbenzene Splitting of cymene hydroperoxide Methylation of phenol Production from coal pitch Production from naptha checking The feedstock required mostly depends on the production path and the specific isomers required. The procedure paths are extensively covered in subdivision 4 Safety Cresols and xylenols burn the tegument and mucose membranes through debasement of proteins, likewise to phenols. Initially white and later chocolate-brown black necroses appear on the tegument. { 5 } Certain persons may demo hypersensitivity symptoms in add-on to the caustic consequence. Absorption occurs even more quickly when the compounds are in the liquid province. Severe harm to the wellness can happen even if the open portion of the tegument is comparatively little. Inhalation of the compounds besides leads to severe poisoning whose symptoms includes concern, giddiness, sickness, purging, muscular vellication and depending on the badness, loss of consciousness. As these compounds are quickly absorbed through the tegument, a causal intervention of the toxic condition is non yet in being, although a good first assistance step would be to rinse it off the tegument every bit shortly as possible. A mixture of polythene ethanediol and ethyl alcohol in the ratio of 2:1 has been proven to be the most suited for this intent and it is extremely recommended that it is readily available in countries where methyl phenols and xylenols are being handled. It is besides recommended that when working with these two compounds, it should be done in closed setup if possible. Suites should be good ventilated and safeguards such as air locks and gas compensation technique should be in topographic point to avoid the inspiration of cresol/xylenol vapor. With brassy point of the different isomers of both compounds runing from 80-87 C, the storage and transit are handled with extreme attention. Cresols and xylenols are normally stored in well-sealed containers in a cool and good ventilated country. During transit, well-sealed and protective containers are besides used ; the high flammability and the caustic nature of the substances are besides indicated on the label. Further information sing the safety and handling of methyl phenols and xylenols can be found in the MSDS included in the appendices and subdivision 4 Environmental Consideration Cresols and xylenols are readily biodegradable, although cresol degrades faster than xylenol. Waste H2O incorporating 900mg/l of methyl phenols can be treated utilizing biological works with appropriately adapted bacteriums. In the environment, methyl phenols are degraded at low concentrations, particularly by bacteriums that are widely distributed in the dirt and H2O ( peculiarly Pseudomonas species ) . Degradation by other beings, including barms, Fungis, algae, and higher workss, every bit good as by photolysis, is besides known. { 6 } Because of these grounds methyl phenols and xylenol do non prevail in the environment. Due to its toxicity in H2O, there are rigorous Torahs regulating their release into the aquatic environment. Liquid methyl phenols and xylenols can be absorbed with absorbents like sawdust, peat or diatomaceous earth and so later fire off in particular incineration workss. â€Å"Solidified merchandises should non be dissolved, but removed automatically. Concluding residues can be neutralized with 2 3 % aqueous Na hydrated oxide and flushed with plentifulness of H2O into suited drains taking to a biological effluent intervention plant† Cresols and xylenols nowadays in waste gas watercourses can be removed by scouring the watercourse with sodium hydrated oxide or by firing. Adsorption on activated C is another method that can be used ; this method can roll up up to 0.5kg of cresols/kg. The adsorbate is recovered when the activated C is regenerated. Market and Resources Size The entire production of methyl phenol was estimated to be 175,000 t/a, of which 105 000t was produced via man-made path and 70 000t via natural paths. Approximately 42,000t are produced in the United States, 50,000t in Europe, 58000t in Japan and 25000 T in South Africa. The natural methyl phenol comes from the gasification of coal, from coaking of coal and exhausted refinery caustics in a ratio of 50:35:15. { 7 } The entire end product of methyl phenols have been worsening in the past decennary, this fact can be attributed to a figure of grounds which includes worsening markets, the entryway of 2,6-xylenol manufacturers into the o-cresol market, the outgrowth of South Africa in the market for purified methyl phenols, the worsening handiness of coal pitchs from coking procedures and of exhausted refinery caustics, and the increasing environmental costs. Approximately 165,000t of xylenols are produced yearly, chiefly from United States, Western Europe, and Japan. Xylenol mixtures histories for 30 000 40 000 T, 2,6-xylenol for 125 000 T, and the staying single isomers ( particularly 2,4- , 2,5- and 3,5-xylenol ) , obtained by synthesis or isolated from mixtures, for 10 000 T. Xylenol mixtures are chiefly obtained from exhausted refinery caustics and coal pitchs in the United States, South Africa and Europe As mentioned earlier, there are several procedure paths to methyl phenols and xylenol, nevertheless the most utilised 1s are: Production from coal pitch Production from naptha checking Methylation of phenol Synthesis paths from methylbenzene. The inside informations for each of the named procedure paths will be covered in the ulterior facet of this study, below is merely an lineation of the procedure paths and states where it is being utilized. Production FROM COAL TAR Historically, Cresylic acids ; a corporate name for the mixture of methyl phenols phenol and xylenol have been produced from coal pitch isolated during the gasification or carbonisation of coal. The chief feedstock for this procedure is coal pitch and the merchandise is normally a mixture of methyl phenol, phenol and xylenols. Countries and makers that employ the usage of coal pitch in the production of Cresylic acid are outline as follows: Cresylic acids have been traditionally produced from low-temperature coal pitchs in the United Kingdom, with the most outstanding manufacturer being Coalite chemicals. Cresylic acids and 3,5-xylenols are produced in Germany by RuA? tgers VFT AG utilizing coal pitch chemical science â€Å"CdF Chimie in France and Nippon Steel Chemical Co. of Japan have besides been bring forthing some coal pitch based cresols† { 1 } SASOL of South Africa is a major manufacturer of Cresylic acid, and it has been reported methyl phenols of 99 % pureness can be supplied for selected clients. Production FROM NAPTHA CRACKING In the USA, methyl phenols and xylenols have been produced from the naphtha fractions from catalytic thermic snap. The merchandises normally contain up to 1 % C6-C8 phenols. Sulphur Compounds such as alkyl and aryl thiols are treated with concentrated alkalic solutions in a procedure known as sweetener and methyl phenols and xylenols are recovered from exhausted acerb washes, bring forthing Na cresolates/xylenolates. The composing of the exhausted acerb cresolates scopes from 20-25 % of C6-C8 phenols and 10-15 % sulfur compounds. The acerb washes are so collected by companies that produce methyl phenols of which Merichem of Houston, Texas is the most outstanding. This method is largely confine to the USA because of the deficiency of cresolates feedstocks in other states. METHYLATION OF PHENOL This procedure is mostly used for the production of o-cresols and 2,6 xylenols, the procedure consists of merely one reaction measure based on phenol, which is comparatively expensive. Separating the merchandises can besides be dearly-won because of the similarity in boiling points. This procedure can either be carried out in the vapor stage or the liquid stage, with the most common path being the vapour stage path. Methylation in the vapour stage is utilized by: General Electric Co. in the United States ( capacity 5000 t/a of o-cresol and 70 000 t/a of 2,6-xylenol ) Inspec Fine Chemicals ( once Man-made Chemicals, now a portion of Laporte ) in the United Kingdom ( capacity 10 000 t/a of o-cresol and 2,6-xylenol, but the works is besides used for the production of 2,4-xylenol by methylation of p-cresol and for 2,5-xylenol and 2,3,6-trimethyphenol by methylation of m-cresol ) Chemopetrol in the Czech Republic ( capacity 10 000 t/a of o-cresol, m/p-cresol, 2,6-xylenol and other xylenols ) Nippon Crenol ( joint venture of Asahi Chemical Industry and Nippon Steel Chemical Company ; capacity 8000 t/a of o-cresol and 15 000 of t/a 2,6-xylenol ) , GEM Polymers ( joint venture of General Electric Company, Mitsui Chemicals Co. , and Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals ; ( capacity 2500 t/a of o-cresol and 11 500 t/a of 2,6-xylenol ) , Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company ( capacity 5000 t/a of 2,6-xylenol ) and Honshu Chemical Industry Co. ( capacity 5000 of t/a 2,5-xylenol and chiefly 2,3,6-trimehyphenol by methylation of m-cresol ) all of which are in Japan Synthesis paths from methylbenzene There are three possible man-made paths from methylbenzene Sulfonation of methylbenzene Alkylation of methylbenzene with propene Chlorination of methylbenzene Sulfonation of methylbenzene: Sulfonation of methylbenzene is normally used in the production of p-cresol and o-cresol. Companies that makes usage of this procedure includes Inspec Fine Chemicals in United Kingdom ( 15000 -16000t/a ) Konan Chemicals, Japan ( 4000t/a ) Atul limited in India ( 5500t/a ) Commercial workss that employ the usage of Alkylation of methylbenzene with propene includes Mitsui Petrochemical Industries Limited and Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd which are both in Japan. The capacity of the workss are about 20,000t/a The lone commercial works in the universe that uses chlorination of methylbenzene is operated by BAYER AG in Germany. Easy handiness of Cl at a low monetary value might hold made Bayer s works still attractive. { 7 } Market Although used in aromas and nutrient additives, the chief markets for methyl phenol and xylenol are in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. Pharmaceutical industry Cresol and xylenol derived functions, particularly p-cresol derived functions have been used as an of import intermediate in the pharmaceutical industry. Compounds derived from p-derivative include dilitiazem hydrochloride and trimethoprin. P-cresol derived functions such as Para-anisic aldehyde and p-anisic intoxicant have been used as feedstock for production of of import majority drugs. P-anisic aldehyde is used as a critical natural stuff in production of Dilitiazem. Dilitiazem hydrochloride is a calcium antagonist high blood pressure drug. It produces its antihypertensive consequence chiefly by relaxation of vascular smooth musculus and the attendant lessening in perepheral vascular opposition. The magnitude of blood force per unit area decrease is related to the grade of high blood pressure { 7 } . Introduced in the 1970s dilitiazem is presently being produced in Japan, India, Israel and Holland with the planetary production estimated at 1000t/a. it has been reported that there is expected growing of about 7-8 % in production of Dilitiazem during the following few old ages. It is besides of import to observe that India is presently the largest maker of p-anisic aldehyde. P-cresol have besides replaced Gallic acid as the get downing stuff for the production of 3,4,5-trimethoxy benzaldehyde which is later used in the synthesis of trimethoprim. States that make usage of the engineering for the for the synthesis of trimethoprin from 3,4,5-trimethoxy benzaldehyde includes USA, Canada, UK, Germany, France, Switzerland, Spain, Denmark and India. The planetary demand for trimethoprim is estimated to be around 500t/a with about 300t/a produced in India. These are merely two named illustrations of how methyl phenols and xylenols can be utilized in the pharmecutical industry. They serve as edifice blocks to legion other drugs which includes vitamin E. Going into the elaborate production of each drug produced is beyond the range of this study. However because of their huge application, the pharmaceutical industry is a moneymaking market for methyl phenol and xylenol and their derived functions. Agrochemicals The germicide, bactericidal and antifungal belongingss of Cresylic acids have been known for the last 60 old ages. Cresols were used in domestic application as bactericidal and para-chloro-meta-cresol is besides used as wood preservatives. However, it is non merely the first coevals derived functions of single methyl phenols but secondary and even third derived functions that have proved to be really of import works growing regulators or agrochemicals apart from their utilizations as family insect and pest repellants { 7 } As mentioned with the pharmaceutical industry, methyl phenol and xylenol are of import intermediate used in the production of agrochemicals, traveling into inside informations of the different agrochemical produced would be diversing from the chief intent of these study.

The Rise of Technology in the Two Decades

The Rise of Technology in the Two Decades Free Online Research Papers The contexts of teaching have changed since the last century. The classroom has evolved from the humble one room schoolhouse to a virtual classroom. With this enormous change come changes in the role of the teacher. What we have seen is the phenomenal rise of technology in the two decades; it has taken place against a complex backdrop of cultural and social change, advances in technology and shifts in educational theory and practice. We see new tensions, new requirements, new pressures and changes in the environment socially, economical and technological, this has led to modified teaching jobs. In my experiences students have become more difficult, less motivated, more requiring, more inclined to defend their rights than to fulfill their duty. The administration or the educational authorities are making more pressure for greater accountability. Bodies such as the Adult Learning Inspectorate (FE) and the Quality Assurance Agency (HE) oversee standards and assessments, and incorporate both inclusive learning and teaching strategies, and effective use of information and learning technologies (ILT), within their remit. There it seems less and less social recognition of the teaching job†¦ The question is are teachers prepared for these changes and pressures? The traditional picture I have of the teacher as the â€Å"Master of the knowledge† with an institutional power is disappearing. What we see now is a new style of teachers: leadership style seems more appropriate to respond to those challenges. This implies new competencies: the emotional competencies. Those ch anges remind us that the teaching act is not only a cognitive action but also and first a social and affective action where emotions interfere in the class and work atmosphere. Education, along with all public services in the UK, also faces calls for greater accountability, Accountability that in essence is a positive and productive step but in the larger frame of things damages the profession as ones actions stereotype the whole profession and not to mention taint it. Different educational disciplines enjoy various learning styles, delivery techniques, Resources and Support. Flexible Learning requires support but no teaching, Distance learning requires Resources and support but not 100% teaching, Practical Professions like medicine and accountancy require Teaching as well practical learning opportunities. What the article is stressing time and time again is that there is no denying that the future and existence of HE and teaching is intertwined and that there is no substitute to the teacher in such learning environments all other supporting profession and resources and technologies are important and have their place but the human presence in HE shows no sign of diminishing no matter how strong, professional, research proven, quality focused the proposal may be. On the contrary there is a greater need for experienced and Un-experienced practitioners to be trained on a standardized platform which may be beneficial to them and to the institution as sometimes a change process may be required to benefit institutional needs and enhance sustainability. Another issue which forces Education establishments to focus on is the volume of service it has to provide and commit to as each year the no of applications in HE are increasing. This leads to the subject of cost to be discussed, to counter this the role of a teacher is carried out by supporting professionals through personalized teaching. The cost of specialist teachers personalized delivery compared to a supporting professionals cost is tremendously higher hence more and more supporting teachers roles are being created to counter and keep under control the ballooning cost. Another theory for all parties involved is that the word â€Å"Teacher† is over emphasised, the important thing is that â€Å"is effective learning being accomplished† because that is the main issue here and Priority. As described from different points of view but the statement remains the same that Education, teaching, delivery, core competencies, Resources and practice are evolving, with the introduction and expansion of the e-learning components and supporting teacher roles in all professions the road to the future is a very uncertain one. Conclusion The changes which have taken place in recent years and which continue to shape the educational landscape of the UK Higher Education sector pose many new challenges for teaching staff. Nonetheless, perhaps because of rather than in spite of these challenges, it is evident that there are unique opportunities for the enhancement of teaching and learning in the higher education sector. The current emphasis on student-centred teaching, on promoting inclusion, and developing criticality all contribute towards improving the student experience and towards maximising learning potential. It is anticipated that the present trend towards collaborative learning which emphasizes key skills (such as ICT, communication and numeracy) will hopefully address a concern expressed by employers for many years by ensuring that graduates are better-prepared for the workplace. In conclusion I would state that various changes would occur when a fundamental shift in education is required and hence the future we need to be careful of how we implement strategies and policies when in HE as it importance to any nation is Paramount. Research Papers on The Rise of Technology in the Two DecadesStandardized TestingThree Concepts of PsychodynamicOpen Architechture a white paperThe Project Managment Office SystemComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

Applications of Information Technology

Driving force in educational reform Students have many opportunities to learn the basic computer skills to facilitate their learning. Multimedia learning centre (MMLC) in secondary school Classroom with a projector 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT at Home ? Smart home technology ?Allows people to control household and other domestic appliances over the Internet ? Personal computer ?Has become a necessity for many households 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT at Home ? Personal computer Uses of personal computer 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT at Home ? Home office ?Refers to a small computerized office setup at home ?Self-employed persons can work at home and communicate with others through the Internet. Clients Self-employed person Colleagues 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT in Public Places ? Information kiosk ?Provides information on nearby facilities in public places ? Electronic Money ?Can be used for petty cash payments ?Example: Octopus Octopus Kiosks 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT in Public Places Internet access service ?It is provided in various public places. ?The public can obtain information from the Internet more conveniently. Internet access service in public area 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT in Business ? Office automation ?Office automation helps office workers improve working efficiency productivity, data security and communications with others An automated office 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT in Business ? Intranet ?A private and small-scale Internet of an organization ?Helps improve workflow and enables efficient collaboration and  communication. Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT in Business ? E-commerce ?Refers to commercial activities carried out in an electronic network ?The Internet is now the most popular way to conduct e-commerce. e-bay, a popular online auction site 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT in Business ? E-commerce We can also purchase groceries online (http://www. wellcome. com. hk) We can book tickets online (http://www. cityline. com. hk) Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT in Government ? Information technology has become an  important means of providing government services. ? Under the ‘2004 Digital 21 Strategy’, the Hong Kong SAR government has committed to developing e-government. 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT in Government ? Electronic Service Delivery ?A web site that provides a wide range of government information and services ?The services include, application for government job vacancies payment of government bills purchasing books making appointments for The use of public services 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT in Government ? Employers concerned about exposing of company confidentials More difficult for employers to monitor work progress 1. 2 Information Technology and the Information Age ? Digital Divide ? Describes the growing gap between those people who can access and make effective use of IT and those who cannot ? Separate people into two groups ?Internet users ?Non-Internet users.

Edward Snowdens NSA Leaks Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Edward Snowdens NSA Leaks - Assignment Example The revelation was a show of gross violation of civil liberties. When Snowden resigned from CIA, he started working as a contractor at the NSA facility in the United States Military base in Japan. Snowden had excellent computer skills and was given top secret clearance. At the time, there were a lot of opportunities for contractors as the United States security outsourced intelligence tasks to outside private companies. Snowden found out the all-consuming NSA surveillance activities. He was also keen to notice that the mechanisms that were built into the United States system to keep NSA in check were not working. While working for one of the 13 hubs that spied on Chinese interests, he made anonymous contacts with journalists and leaked top-secret information to them. When he took a new job with the Booz Allen Hamilton, he got access to the list of machines that had been hacked by NSA from across the globe. He was among those who were allowed to look at the system. Other people with t op secret clearance did not have the permission to view all the classified files. Snowden was able to open files without leaving any electronic trace. He was a ghost user. As an administrator, he managed to persuade others to give him their login details. Snowden used his authority as a sysadmin to download documents to thumb drives. He was able to reach the NSA servers remotely from Hawaii. After completion of four weeks in his new job, he claimed to be unwell and requested for unpaid leave from his bosses at Booz. Then, he disappeared. There are a number of measures that should have been ensured to prevent Snowden’s leaks. Firstly, the top secret clearance should have been given to people with clear motives who have passed integrity tests. Secondly, there should have been a strong security policy barring any staff from disclosing his/her login details to prevent unauthorized access to files.  

The Lyrics About Artist's Difficulty in the Song Case Study

The Lyrics About Artist's Difficulty in the Song - Case Study Example According to the song, the artist explained his involvement in a gang that was into the illegal drug trade. As part of the song’s second stanza says, he became part of the gang while he was looking for a father that has gone. Besides this, he was in need of money, considering that peddling illegal drugs is the only way he can overcome his poverty. To show his gratitude and love for his mother, he sends money often. It is obvious in the song that the artist disliked how his mother took other men whose characters were only as bad as that of their irresponsible father. Despite this, the artist still managed to show his appreciation for the maternal love and concern he received even if he was beginning to be a major problem for his mother. The lines that said how he felt when his mother gave him a hug from a jail cell aptly depict this. It is not clear in the song if the artist’s father left the family before he died. However, whether he was actually present the whole time until he died, the artist considered him a stranger. This means that he was actually an entity whose existence was not appreciated at all by his kids. Because of this, the kids were more attached to their mother, the only person whom they saw carrying out the role of a parent to them. However, even at the end of the song, the lyrics about his difficulty in showing his appreciation to his mother are repeated. Despite the fact that he has already been sending money to her, he still thinks that this was not enough.

Historian’s Wizard of Oz Review Essay Example for Free

Historian’s Wizard of Oz Review Essay the movie `wizard of oz`, the strengths and weaknesses of each document, the major differences between the documents, and feedback on any links to present day political and economic issues. Investigate the authors background. Introduction The Historian’s Wizard Of Oz, first published in 1900, made ripples in the literary world and its writer L. Frank Baum shoot to eminence, and the result was so many of the sequels. When MGM, in 1939, decided to convert this hit into movie version, many of the adaptations of Wizard of Oz had been appeared on stage. Although the film did not cause swell at the box office sales in the beginning, but made waves, as people become conscious to its hidden meaning, years following its initial release. â€Å"Its status as an American classic owes more to television, as The Wizard of Oz became an annual television event in the 1950s and 1960s. The universal quality of the story and the warmth of the film made it appealing to people of all ages. Who wouldve thought that The Wizard of Oz contained hidden meanings†?1 Critics and observers has been interpreted this mega hit in different ways for more than a century now. And it is Henry Littlefield, a high school teacher; presented the most illustrious interpretation of The Wizard of Oz. it is a fact that Baum had been very much involved in active politics in the last decades of 1800s.But, Baum never made claim at any stage that that the story, in its contents, was an allegory for politics. â€Å"Baums story corresponded to the issues and figures in American politics at the end of the 19th century. Littlefield found that he could use The Wizard of Oz to teach history to his students, as the story functioned well as an allegory to the Populist movement and the 1896 presidential election†. 2 Populism, the Key Issues of 1896 and Impact on Culture More than 50 translations has been made in various languages of East and West of The Wizard of Oz so far. Even, due to its popularity, different countries adapted in a way to match the corrosponding conditions of the local culture. For instance, â€Å"in some countries where the Hindu religion is practiced, abridged versions of the book were published in which, for religious reasons, the Tin Woodsman was replaced with a snake†. 1 When Henry Littlefield article was published in American Quarterly then people began to realize that The Wizard of Oz was a parable on Populism, a prototype of a rural political awakening in the last decades of 1800. The Populist Party of late 19th century mobilized the Farmers Alliances to its advantage. â€Å"Farmers faced considerable economic hardship and they believed that monetary policy was determined by eastern bankers and industrial interests. The Farmers Alliances wanted greater government regulation of railroads, tax reform and the free coinage of silver to increase the money supply†. 3 Wizard of the Oz made great impression on American, Russian, and other European countries. â€Å"A mere sampling of the breadth in which it is referenced might include Futurama (which parodied it in an episode), The Cinnamon Bear (a 1938 radio serial), RahXephon (a 2002 Japanese animated television show), Zardoz (a 1974 Sean Connery movie), Wizard and Glass (a 1997 Stephen King fantasy/Western novel), and the science fiction literature of Robert Heinlein†. 4 The Wizard of Oz: the movie: the Ups and Downs Although Baum produced the Oz film series in 1908 and 1914 but the most famous adaptation is the 1939 film, The Wizard of Oz, featuring Judy Garland as Dorothy. Francis MacDonell argues that the movie is an allegory of New Deal, Franklin D. Roosevelts program of social welfare to combat the widespread hardship of the Great Depression in the 1930s. The man primarily responsible for injecting this political message into the film was lyricist E.Y. Yip Harburg, who was a socialist and supporter of Roosevelts policies. Harburg had written the lyrics to Brother Can You Spare a Dime? which served as an apt anthem for the Great Depression. 5 The movie is magical and creative, its pluses is as MacDonnell described, The Wizard of Oz, †¦is a brightly-colored, visually bold, rapidly paced extravaganza, full of gaudy sets, outlandish costumes, and way-over-the-top acting.6 But, some of the scenes were insipid (the ridiculous conclusion of the poppy field sequence) or misplaced (the Cowardly Lions song, which occurs at perhaps the least appropriate moment). 5 A look into Frank Baum’s Life and His Political Ambitions L Frank Baum was born on 15 May 1856 in Chittennnango, New York. His earlier interest in the newspapers and magazines but when he entered in his 20s he started taking interest in theaters and operas. His mother was one of the leading champions of the Women’s Rights Movements. He shoot to eminence when he teamed up with Maxfield Parrish, the illustrator, and wrote his first book Mother Goose in Prose, afterwards he together with illustrator William Wallace he published Father Goose, His Book. Both books had drawn huge attention from the children. Nobody can say with surety that Frank Baum really preplanned to produce a work that was so much critical of the monetary aspects of the 1896 election. â€Å"Yet it is not too much of a stretch to interpret the imagery of the story in this light. Of all the fantasy characters Baum could have created to accompany Dorothy on her journey, he chose characters that evoked so strongly the occupations of ordinary people in the late-19th century—farmers and industrial workers. Lawrence Swaim suggests that Baum may not have been conscious of [the political significance of the Oz imagery], which would explain why the political references in Baums books pop up in such a surrealistic way.1 It is surprising none of the Baum biographers identified that if Baum had any political intention to write The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. â€Å"If Baum had been a Populist supporter, the imagery in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz suggests that Baum had lost his zeal for the Populist movement.† 1 Endnotes 1. Ranjit S. Dighe, The Historians Wizard of Oz: Reading L. Frank Baums Classic as a Political and Monetary Allegory (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002) 2. Richard Jensen, The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1885-1896 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971) 3. Martin Gardner and Russell B. Nye, eds., The Wizard of Oz and Who He Was (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1994) 4. William Leach, Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture, (New York: Vintage Books, 1993) 5. Lynette Carpenter, Theres No Place Like Home: The Wizard of Oz and American Isolationism, Film and History 15 (May, 1985), pp. 37-45 6. Francis MacDonnell, The Emerald City Was the New Deal: E.Y. Harburg and The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Journal of American Culture (13 (Winter 1990), pp. 71-75.